After months of testing, Mysten Labs updated the Sui Lutris whitepaper on August 18, confirming the following:
- Using PTBs and 5K TPS, Sui can process 140k to 150k transactions per second, indicating that Sui’s benchmark test under the mainnet peak (approximately 700 TPS) is much lower than its actual performance.
- The final confirmed latency of Sui can still be maintained below 0.5 seconds, even in the event of a certain number of validation nodes stopping operation.
The Sui Lutris whitepaper contains instructions on how external testers can obtain relevant figures in their own validation tests, proof of security, and a detailed description of how Sui operates.
Shortly after the release of the Sui mainnet, exciting applications such as games and NFTs have been seen on the chain. Recently, Mysten Labs released a technical report on a distributed system that supports Sui, called Sui Lutris. Sui Lutris allows Sui to maintain low latency under conditions of high throughput and long-term stability.
- Stanford Blockchain Weekly Summary of Theoretical Practicality, ZK, Modularization, and Current Development Status of Bitcoin Ecosystem
- The Decentralization Challenge of Ethereum Lido Becomes the Target of Criticism for Monopoly
- Interpreting Vitalik’s latest paper Privacy Pools make compliance no longer come at the expense of privacy and decentralization.
Since the emergence of Bitcoin ten years ago, blockchain technology has made significant progress, with the emergence of new use cases such as games and NFTs. The blockchain community continues to explore ways to improve the efficiency of blockchain technology, especially in handling high loads and providing real-time latency.
We believe that L1 blockchains face two main challenges today: achieving high throughput while maintaining low latency, and ensuring that the consensus protocol can sustain long-term stability. These challenges can be achieved through dynamic participation of validation nodes and configuration challenges.
An effective way to achieve high throughput is to use DAG-based consensus protocols, such as Narwhal/Bullshark used by Sui. These consensus protocols allow the blockchain to execute a large number of transactions simultaneously, making them an ideal choice for use cases such as games and NFTs. However, DAG-based protocols result in delays of several seconds, which have a significant impact on common transmission or game operations.
🌟 Narwhal/Bullshark:
https://sonnino.com/papers/bullshark-simple.pdf
On the other hand, consensus-free protocols have shown great potential in reducing latency and scalability, such as the prototype FastLianGuaiy that we have studied in the past. These protocols eliminate consensus, allowing for fast processing of transactions without the need to deal with independent transactions processed in parallel. However, this is limited to a limited category of simple blockchain operations. This limits the expression of smart contracts and poses challenges in reconfiguring dynamically changing sets of validation nodes.
🌟 FastLianGuaiy:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11506
Although both of the above protocols have potential, they are not currently used in production-level blockchains. They are currently only proposed at academic conferences and have not been widely used by the blockchain community. Sui Lutris is the protocol that supports the Sui network, combining DAG-based consensus with consensus-free methods to achieve the advantages of both: sub-second latency (less than 1 second) and sustained throughput of thousands of transactions per second. Sui achieves these two goals and maintains the ability to express complex contracts on shared objects, generate checkpoints, and reconfigure sets of validation nodes across epochs.
Combining Consensus and Non-consensus Methods
Sui Lutris adopts a unique approach that combines the above two methods. In order to ensure the security of operations on assets owned by a single owner (unique objects), the system uses a consistent broadcast protocol among validation nodes to reduce latency below consensus. Sui Lutris relies solely on consensus to process complex smart contracts running on shared objects, which are objects that can be changed by any user. Sui Lutris also supports network maintenance operations, such as defining checkpoints and reconfiguring validation nodes. This novel strategy provides a win-win solution for handling transactions in a replicated Byzantine environment.
The figure represents a high-level description and transaction lifecycle in Sui Lutris
➊ Users with private keys create and sign transactions to modify objects they own, or a mixture of their exclusive objects and shared objects.
➋ Transactions are typically sent to every Sui Lutris validation node through full nodes, and the validation nodes are responsible for performing a series of validity and security checks, signing the transactions, and returning the signed transactions to the clients.
➌ The client collects responses from the majority of validation nodes to form a transaction certificate. At this point, the transaction can be confirmed as irreversible, reaching its finality.
➍ Once the certificate is integrated, it is sent back to all validation nodes, which check its validity and confirm receipt to the client. If the transaction involves exclusive objects, the transaction certificate can be processed and executed immediately without waiting for the consensus engine (direct fast path). All certificates are forwarded to the DAG-based consensus protocol (run by Sui validation nodes).
➎ Consensus outputs the certificate number, and the validation nodes check and execute the one containing shared objects.
➏ Clients can collect responses from the majority of validation nodes, assemble them into valid certificates, and use them as proofs for transaction settlement.
➐ Subsequently, checkpoints are formed for each consensus submission, which can also be used to drive the reconfiguration protocol.
In addition to the main transaction flow described above, Sui Lutris provides a range of facilities to support enterprise-level blockchain products:
- Implementing the checkpoint protocol after achieving finality, which generates a history of all transactions in the system. This is useful for comprehensive auditing and keeping full nodes and lagging validation nodes synchronized in an efficient manner.
- Sui Lutris supports reconfiguration at the end of each epoch, where the set of validation nodes and their voting power may change. In order to ensure that all final transactions are included in one epoch, each epoch needs to be carefully closed and confirmed to be secure.
- In previous non-consensus protocols, when a client’s assets were subject to a double-spending attack, the assets would be permanently locked. Sui Lutris “unlocks” mistakenly locked assets at the end of an epoch, minimizing the impact of errors.
Sui is a blockchain that manages a large amount of value for its users, and Sui Lutris is the foundation of Sui. The full technical report provides more detailed information on how the security and liveness protocols operate, as well as security proofs for partially synchronous Byzantine participants in a standard distributed systems model.
🌟 View more details in the complete Sui Lutris report:
https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui/blob/main/doc/paper/sui-lutris.pdf
Like what you're reading? Subscribe to our top stories.
We will continue to update Gambling Chain; if you have any questions or suggestions, please contact us!
